≥98%

Store at -20℃ for one year（Powder）；Store at 2-4℃ for two weeks；Store at -20℃ for six months after dissolution.

CT99021 monohydrochloride

powder

DMSO：93 mg/mL (185.33 mM)
Ethanol：2 mg/mL (3.98 mM)

GSK-3β ,GSK-3α

CHIR-99021 shows greater than 500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 versus its closest homologs CDC2 and ERK2, as well as other protein kinases. Furthermore, CHIR-99021 shows only weak binding to a panel of 22 pharmacologically relevant receptors and little inhibitory activity against a panel of 23 nonkinase enzymes. CHIR-99021 induces the activation of glycogen synthase (GS) in insulin receptor-expressing CHO-IR cells with EC50 of 0.763 μM. In addition to simulating the actions of insulin, inhibition of GSK-3 by CHIR-99021 (3 μM) increases free cytosolic β-catenin by 1.9-fold, mimicking the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. During any of the first 3 days of differentiation, CHIR-99021 treatment inhibits the preadipocyte differentiation with IC50 of 0.3 μM by blocking induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Unlike lithium chloride and AR-A014418, CHIR-99021 treatment does not reduce the viability of INS-1E cells even at high concentrations. Instead, CHIR-99021 robustly increases the rate of proliferation of INS-1E cells in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly inhibits INS-E cell death induced by high glucose and high palmitate in a concentration-dependent manner. CHIR-99021 promotes primary beta cell replication in isolated rat islets at concentrations as low as 1 μM, with 2-3 fold increase of cell replication at 5 μM of CHIR-99021 treatment.

Oral administration of CHIR-99021 at 30 mg/kg enhances glucose metabolism in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes, with a maximal plasma glucose reduction of nearly 150 mg/dl 3-4 hours after administration, while plasma insulin remains at or below control levels. Oral administration of CHIR-99021 at 16 or 48 mg/kg 1 hour before oral glucose challenges in ZDF rats significantly improves glucose tolerance with 14% and 33% reduction in plasma glucose at 16 mg/kg and 48 mg/kg, respectively, and the higher dose of CHIR-99021 also reduces hyperglycemia before the oral glucose challenge. Administration of CHIR-99021 significantly augments hematopoietic repopulation in recipient mice transplanted with mouse or human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), suggesting that GSK-3 is a specific modulator of HSC activity.

[1] Ring DB, et al. Diabetes, 2003, 52(3), 588-595.
[2] Bennett CN, et al. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277(34), 30998-31004.
[3] Mussmann R, et al. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(16), 12030-12037